Charlottesville during the Civil War

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See also: The University of Virginia during the Civil War

The Town of Charlottesville, Virginia in Albemarle County, was a minor rail and commercial center during the American Civil War (1861–1865). In addition to providing the Confederate war effort with swords, uniforms, and artificial limbs, there was Charlottesville General Hospital. The 500-bed military hospital employed hundreds of the town’s residents who cared for more than 22,000 patients, and was superintended by Dr. J. L. Cabell, a professor of medicine at the nearby University of Virginia.[1] In the summer of 1861, the 19th Virginia Infantry Regiment was organized, recruiting most of its members from Charlottesville and Albemarle County. Originally named the Confederate Army of the Potomac, [1][2] the regiment fought as part of the Army of Northern Virginia under the command of Robert E. Lee.

Cavalry troopers occupied the town and the University of Virginia from March 3 to March 6, 1865.

When Richmond fell in April 1865, retreating Confederate troops set fire to supplies left behind, destroying property as well as state and local records. Charlottesville and the University of Virginia largely escaped the combat violence and much of property destruction suffered by regional neighbors when the city officials surrender the town to Union generals Philip H. Sheridan and George A. Custer on March 3, 1865.[3] However, Union forces under the command of General Sheridan destroyed a mill owned by the Marchant family as it marched south to Scottsville. The Marchant family rebuilt the Woolen Mills facility, while Scottsville's manufacturing facilities never fully recovered.

In early May 1865, the 11th Regiment, Pennsylvania Cavalry (108th Volunteers) arrived from Staunton for duty in the Sub-District of Albemarle and stayed until July; this regiment would later mustered out at Richmond on August 13, 1865.

Early war years

Charlottesville specifically was spared from potential destruction in 1865 when the city leaders surrendered to General George Custer.[1]

Some of the major manufacturing facilities supporting the Confederate war effort were:

In addition to the transportation and manufacturing facilities, there were several hospitals in Charlottesville and immediate region:

  • Charlottesville General Hospital - During the War, the Rotunda at the University of Virginia, the Charlottesville town hall and the courthouse, as well as nearby homes and hotels were converted into a makeshift hospital complex called the Charlottesville General Hospital.[4]
  • The Confederacy used several buildings in Scottsville as hospitals.[5]
  • By the end of the war, the Gordonsville Receiving Hospital provided care for 70,000 soldiers, both Confederate and Union.

African Americans composed the majority of the town and county’s population; in 1860, Albemarle County had 12,103 white residents in comparison to the 13,916 non-white enslaved people and 606 free people of color. Thousands of white men left the area to serve the Confederacy over the course of the next four years, which resulted in an increasing percentage of Black Charlottesville residents and white fear. White citizens weaponized their fear of Black equality to inflict even harsher laws and regulations restricting the movements and livelihoods of people of color.[6] Both enslaved and free African Americans alike were the subject of heightened white fears of violence.[1] The Confederate Army and the City of Charlottesville impressed African Americans into service. As a result, racial violence and rules by white citizens against African Americans were at a high. For most of the war, white Charlottesville enforced a curfew for Black Charlottesvillians.[1][7]

The University of Virginia was rare in the fact that it remained open and in operation throughout the war, although the military used the buildings for their own military-related and adjacent purposes. Approximately 4,000 of the University’s 8,000 pre-1865 alumni fought for the Confederacy. An unknown number of University students fought for the Union; Charles Augustus Briggs of New York and Bernard Farrar, Jr., of Missouri are among the very few documented examples.[8]

Find more cvillepedia articles about the Civil War here.

Key sites

Civil War Timeline - Charlottesville and Albemarle County

  • February 13, 1861 – The Virginia Convention of 1861, also known later as the Secession Convention, convened in Richmond. The one hundred and fifty-two delegates were elected in 1861, from House of Delegate districts representing all counties in Virginia, met to decide how the state would respond to recent events, especially Abraham Lincoln's election and South Carolina's secession. James P. Holcombe and Valentine W. Southall represented Albemarle County and Charlottesville.
  • March 15, 1861 – A Confederate battle flag is raised on the dome of the Rotunda by students at the University of Virginia, signaling support from within the University of the pro-slavery Confederate effort. In a letter to the editors of the Baltimore Exchange, students said that "The spirit of Secession is rampant here."[8]
  • April 4, 1861 – The vote for secession failed. Albemarle delegates votes were split: University of Virginia law professor James P. Holcombe voted for secession while prominent local lawyer Valentine Wood Southall voted against it.[8]
  • April 17, 1861 – The Virginia Convention voted to secede from the Union. The delegates passed the Ordinance of Secession with 88 “yea” and 55 “no” votes. (James P. Holcombe voted for secession; Valentine W. Southall voted for secession.) The move came just days after the Civil War had erupted at Fort Sumter and after President Abraham Lincoln had called for 75,000 volunteers. For months, Virginia and other states in the Upper South had refused to join the new Confederate States of America. But, Lincoln’s call for volunteers tipped the balance.[9]
  • April 1861 – Four infantry companies—two each of town and university men—organize into the Charlottesville and University Battalion.[1]
  • May 23, 1861 – The secession decision was ratified by a vote of the state’s white male population. Virginia joins the Confederacy and Richmond becomes the capital. Both aforementioned Albemarle delegates, Thomas Jefferson’s grandson George Wythe Randolph, and former U.S. president John Tyler voted to secede; future Confederate general Jubal Early continued his opposition to secession.[8]
  • May 1861 – The 19th Virginia Infantry Regiment is formed mostly out of Charlottesville and Albemarle County recruits, with University of Virginia and West Point graduate Philip St. George Cocke as its colonel.[1]
  • July 1861 – Charlottesville General Hospital, a sprawling Confederate military medical facility, opens in Charlottesville and takes over various public and private buildings throughout the town, including hotels, churches, and facilities belonging to the University of Virginia. Its first patients are Confederate soldiers wounded at Manassas.[1]
  • July 21, 1861 – The first of the wounded arrived by train within hours of the First Battle of Manassas (Bull Run). During the Civil War, the Rotunda at the University of Virginia, the Charlottesville town hall and the courthouse, as well as nearby homes and hotels were converted into a makeshift hospital complex called the Charlottesville General Hospital. It treated more than 22,000 wounded soldiers between 1861 and 1865. One of the facilities, known as the Mudwall or Delevan Hospital, received wounded soldiers as they arrived at the adjacent railroad depot.[10]
  • November 1861 – Dr. Oriana Moon, Charlottesville General Hospital's superintendent of nurses, relocates to Richmond, having married her hospital colleague Dr. John Summerfield Andrews.[1]
  • November 26, 1861 – The West Virginia Constitutional Convention opens in the city of Wheeling.[8]
  • 1862—1864 – Approximately 940 enslaved African Americans are impressed into labor by Confederate authorities in Charlottesville and Albemarle County. Free blacks between the ages of fifteen and fifty were required to report to the courthouse, where a doctor from the Charlottesville General Hospital forcibly examined them and then determined how and where they should work. Black residents of Charlottesville who did not report were taken by gunpoint. Against the protestations of their owners, the Confederacy took enslaved people from their homes and forced them to work as well. Between 1862 and 1864, the Confederacy in Charlottesville impressed about 940 slaves. It is unknown how many free Black people the Confederacy impressed locally.[1]
  • 1862 – The 19th Virginia Infantry's regimental band, formerly the Charlottesville Silver Cornet Band, dissolves.[1]
  • June 1862 – Major General Stonewall Jackson led his army through Albemarle County via Brown's Gap Turnpike on his way to join the Confederate defenses in Richmond[11].
  • September 17, 1862 – The 19th Virginia Infantry, composed mostly of men from Charlottesville and Albemarle County, suffers more than a 47 percent casualty rate at the Battle of Antietam.[1]
  • 1863 – An African American man named Jackson who had been living on University of Virginia property is removed on the grounds that he is married to a white woman.[1]
  • 1863 – Four enslaved African Americans in Charlottesville murder a Confederate officer attempting to impress their labor for the war effort.[1]
  • March 6, 1863 – The First Baptist Church (West Main Street) was formed when approximately 800 African American members of the Charlottesville Baptist Church petitioned to form their own church, separate from the white congregation. They eventually purchased the Delevan building, where the congregation worships to this day.
  • April 20, 1863 – The March 16 petition by black congregants of Charlottesville's First Baptist Church to establish the Charlottesville African Church is accepted by white church leaders.[1]
  • January 1, 1863 – The Emancipation Proclamation is issued by President Lincoln, freeing the three million people enslaved in the Confederacy. The proclamation also ordered the Union Army to "recognize and maintain the freedom of" the former slaves, and authorized the enlistment of black soldiers in the U.S. armed forces.[8]
  • June 20, 1863 – West Virginia is admitted into the Union.[8]
  • July 3, 1863 – The 19th Virginia Infantry, comprised mostly of men from Charlottesville and Albemarle County, suffers a 60 percent casualty rate and loses its flag during Pickett's Charge at the Battle of Gettysburg.[1]
  • 1864 – John A. Marchant sells the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company, which operates a cotton and woolen mills, to his son, Henry Clay Marchant. The factory is burned by occupying Union forces the following year.[1]
  • February 29, 1864 – Union general George A. Custer menaces Charlottesville and Albemarle County as part of the Kilpatrick-Dahlgren Raid on Richmond. On this day, he lead a diversionary raid and crossed the Rivanna near Earlysville, launching a surprise attack on the Stuart Horse Artillery Battalion. He was repulsed by local militia in a short skirmish in the Battle of Rio Hill.[1]
  • April 18, 1864 – In an essay, Basil L. Gildersleeve, a University of Virginia professor of Greek and Hebrew, speaks out against miscegenation, claiming that to prevent it is to guarantee white supremacy.[1]
  • March 2, 1865 – The Third Battle of Waynesboro, in which General Sheridan encountered the last remnant of Confederate Gen. Jubal Early’s Valley army. More than 1,500 Confederates surrendered. Early and a few of his staff evaded capture.[1][12]
  • March 3, 1865 – Charlottesville was occupied by Sheridan’s Cavalry, U.S.A., arriving March 3rd, 1865, and leaving on the 6th. Their entry was from the West, and troops encamped in many sections of the town: “above the University,” South of the University (Piedmont), Belmont, Park Street, what is now Locust Grove, etc.[13] Charlottesville and University of Virginia officials surrender the town to Union generals Philip H. Sheridan and George A. Custer. Union forces burn the Charlottesville Manufacturing Company.[1]
  • March 6, 1865 – Union soldiers crossed the James River at Scottsville on their way to join General Ulysses Grant at Petersburg. They destroyed canal locks and buildings.[5] Elements of Custer's army hurriedly publish the first and only edition of the Third Division Cavalry Chronicle while stationed in Charlottesville.
  • April 2, 1865 – The Confederates evacuate Richmond ahead of the arrival of Union troops. [8]
  • April 6, 1865 – The 19th Virginia Infantry, comprised mostly of men from Charlottesville and Albemarle County, surrenders its 30 remaining soldiers to Union forces following the Battle of Sailor's Creek.[1]
  • April 9, 1865 – Confederate General Robert E. Lee formally surrenders the Army of Northern Virginia to Union General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, formally ending the Civil War. The Union (also known as the North) won the American Civil War.
  • May 5, 1865 – Jefferson Davis, the first and only President of the Confederate States of America, met with his cabinet in Washington, Georgia, and officially dissolved the Confederate government. Davis was a planter, politician and soldier born in Kentucky and raised in Mississippi. Davis was finally captured on May 9 near Irwinville, Georgia, when Union soldiers found his encampment. He is arrested for treason shortly after.[14] Davis's case never went to trial.

Liberation of Charlottesville

Union troops approached Charlottesville in early 1865, arriving on the morning of March 3. Propaganda and fearmongering convinced many white Charlottesville residents that the troops would burn the University of Virginia, which was treating Confederate soldiers in their hospital for battlefield wounds and illnesses.[15][7] During the course of the Civil War, about 22,500 wounded Confederate soldiers and a few captured Union soldiers were tended to at the University-run 500-bed Charlottesville General Hospital. The superintendent was professor and doctor J.L. Cabell.[1]

The University also had produced over one thousand Confederate soldiers for the pro-slavery effort, second only to the Virginia Military Institute, which had been ransacked and burned by Custer’s troops en route to Charlottesville.[15] Charlottesville Mayor Christoper L. Fowler decided to surrender. The University of Virginia, represented by law professor John B. Minor, chairman of the faculty Socrates Maupin, and rector Thomas L. Preston, surrendered to the Union.[7] They argued that the University had been founded by President Jefferson and would be a benefit to the entire nation, not just the Confederacy.[15][1][7]

The major target was the iron railroad bridge that carried the Virginia Central Railroad over the Rivanna River, was destroyed. The Union troops burned about a dozen warehouses storing foodstuff and military supplies, along with Woolen Mills.[1][7] A mill owned by the Marchant family, which had been producing Confederate uniforms, was destroyed. The Union also ransacked-- but didn't torch-- some homes in Charlottesville. Houses outside the city limits generally fared worse. Monticello, a tourist destination for Union troops during occupation, was unharmed.[1][7]

Over half of Albemarle County was liberated from slavery that day as the Union line reached them, including the hundreds of people held in captivity by the university's professors, students, and the school itself.[15][1] Most chose to seek safety with the Union troops and followed them as the army moved east toward Richmond. The continuing Union occupation of Virginia meant that these self-emancipators did not need to leave the state, even after the Confederate surrender at Appomattox in 1865. March 3 is celebrated as Liberation and Freedom Day in Charlottesville.[15]

Aftermath

General John M. Schofield, the first appointed governor of the First Military District. Reproduced from Wikimedia Commons.

From May until August of 1865, Albemarle County was managed under a military government (similar to the State of Virginia as a whole, which had been transformed into the First Military District under the command of General John M. Schofield). Beginning with Captain William Linn Tidball, rotating officers of the United States Army were regularly stationed in Charlottesville with the title of "Military Commissioner of Albemarle County." After Tidball was ordered to Mississippi in July of 1867, he was succeeded in this position by Lieutenant A. F. Higgs of the 16th United States Infantry, who himself was followed by Lieutenant Town after being ordered to Georgia. All of these commissioners were generally well liked by the majority of the area's inhabitants due to their relatively-moderate commands.

In August of 1865, Schofield permitted a vote to be held for county officers under William W. Gilmer as Commissioner of Elections, who swore in the magistrates that had been chosen later that month. The majority of the individuals elected had already occupied their respective positions in the past. Egbert R. Watson was appointed Judge of the Circuit Court, although Judge Sheffey of Staunton frequently sat on the bench in the way of exchange due to Watson's prior connection as counsel with multiple cases on the docket. From December of 1867 until April of 1868, James C. Southall represented the district composed of Louisa, Albemarle, and Augusta Counties at the Underwood Convention being held in the Hall of the House of Delegates in Richmond, while Clifton L. Thompson and James T. S. Taylor represented Albemarle County in particular at that same convocation.

In July of 1868, Schofield was appointed Secretary of War by President Johnson and was succeeded by General George Stoneman as commander of the First Military District. By an order of the United States Congress on January 23, 1869, the leading Virginia government officials elected by the delegates in Richmond were removed from their offices, with all political power being entrusted to Stoneman. In May of 1869, Stoneman was succeeded in his station by General Edward Canby, who ordered a new election for local government officials to be held in July of that year. Henry Shackelford became Judge of the Circuit Court and John L. Cochran (the son of John Cochran) became Judge of the County Court, while Ira Garrett was appointed Clerk and James S. Barksdale was made temporary sheriff. During this time, Albemarle County and Virginia as a whole were relieved of military rule.[16]

In July of 1870, John H. Salmon was brought to trial in the County Court for the alleged murders of his mother and brother.

See also: Reconstruction

Legacy

Unveiling of Robert E. Lee Statue, colorized. Credit to the Norris Collection and Cville Images.[17]
Picture taken from a front-page article about the unveiling of the Jackson monument in the October 19, 1921 edition of the Daily Progress.
Photo taken during the removal recess of "At Ready" statue in Court Square.[18]

Charlottesville's Lee Park and Jackson Park were named after confederate generals Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, respectively. These names were changed briefly in 2018 to Emancipation Park and Justice Park, before becoming known as Market Street Park and Court Square Park.

Civil war veterans are buried in Maplewood Cemetery, among other places. Adjacent to the University of Virginia Cemetery and Colombarium is the Confederate Cemetery.

Statues

Paul Goodloe McIntire assembled several parcels of land, knocked down existing buildings, and then deeded the land as Market Street Park to the city in 1917 for the specific purpose of erecting the statue of Confederate General Robert E. Lee; he donated the completed statue seven years later in 1924.[19] The reveal of the statue was celebrated with a reunion of confederate soldiers, a parade, and a speech by University of Virginia President, Edwin A. Alderman. [20] The statue was removed on July 10, 2021.

McIntire also purchased the land that was once McKee Row, next to the Circuit Courthouse.[21] He deeded this land as Court Square Park to the city on the specific condition that a sculpture representing Confederate General Jackson would be displayed there.[22][23] McIntire's deed requires that the land "will never be used other than for a park and that no other monument except Jackson’s would ever occupy it.”[22] In June 2021, Charlottesville City Council voted to remove both of the statues.[24] The statue was removed on July 10, 2021.

In 1909, a mass-produced bronze statue of a Confederate soldier leaning on musket was posted in Court Square facing south; titled “At Ready.” The plaque featured inscriptions about valor. The sculptor is unknown.[25] It was flanked by two bronze smoothbore 12-pounder Napoleons, and cannonballs. The statue was unveiled on May 5, 1909, the anniversary of the 1857 creation of the Monticello Guard,[26] a militia company in Charlottesville that formed in front of the Albemarle County Courthouse when Virginia seceded from the union in 1861, and became part of the 19th Virginia Infantry. The statue and nearby cannon, and cannonballs were removed to be placed on display at the Third Winchester Battlefield,[25] part of the Shenandoah Valley Battlefields National Historic District.[27] On August 6, 2020, the Albemarle County Board of Supervisors voted unanimously to remove the statue.[28] The statue was removed on September 12, 2020.

On June 7, 1893, a monument of a Confederate soldier was unveiled in the University of Virginia's Confederate Cemetery. The statue is an effigy of bareheaded soldier standing on pedestal holding musket with fixed bayonet. There are bronze tablets naming 1,097 Civil War dead, most of whom died of wounds or illness in Charlottesville hospitals and are buried in the cemetery. Engraved in the stone base of the statue are the words "Fate denied them victory but crowned them with glorious immortality." There have been calls from students and local residents in recent years for the statue's removal. In July 2020, access to the cemetery was limited in an attempt to stem protests.[29]

Organizations

In 1866, a group of Charlottesville women, most of whom had cared for sick and wounded soldiers during the war, started the Ladies Confederate Memorial Association. They copied from hospital registers the names, states, companies and regiments of those who had died. The women transferred the information onto rough wood markers which they placed at the head of each grave. They also collected $1,500, used to build a stone wall around the Confederate Cemetery at UVA.[30]

The John Bowie Strange Camp of the United Confederate Veterans (UCV) was a local Civil War veterans' organization. The organization was named in honor of Confederate soldier Lieutenant Colonel John Bowie Strange (VMI 1842). Co-founded in 1889 by R. T. W. Duke, Sr., this camp "was only the fourteenth of its kind in any Southern state and symbolized the depth of Confederate feeling in the community."[31] The UCV itself was organized in 1889, and held its last reunion in 1951.

After the Civil War, each side generated Civil War veterans and descendants organizations. The Confederates had the United Confederate Veterans (UCV), the Union counterpart was the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR). The local chapter of the UCV was supported by local businessmen and the Albemarle Chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy.

Sesquicentennial

A group of historians, tourists and history buffs planned a remembrance of the region's approach to the 150th anniversary of the Civil War. The Civil War 150 Legacy Project visited Charlottesville in 2011 with the goal of digitizing Civil War-era documents for potential future research.[32]

Scholarship

John L. Nau III's family foundation has funded several opportunities for academic work surrounding the Civil War, many of which are through the University of Virginia's Nau Center for Civil War History. The Center has created several digital projects, including Black Virginians in Blue, focusing on Black Union soldiers from Albemarle County; UVA Unionists, which seeks to identify UVA students who fought for the Union during the war; and the upcoming Civil War Prisons, which will illustrate the experiences of prisoners of the Civil War.[33][34] The former two projects were co-funded by the Jefferson Trust.[35] In addition to long-term digital projects, the Center has an ongoing scholarly blog.[36] The Nau Center sponsors educational programming about the Civil War, including panel events presented at prestigious festivals such as the Virginia Festival of the Book or aired on CSPAN.[37][38]

The Nau family foundation has funded fellowships and professorships at the University, such as the John L Nau III Professor in History of American Civil War, and several internships through UVA's Institute for Public History, in order to help keep the study of Civil War history available to the public and financially feasible for students to study for a summer. In 2021, the Center financed seven internships, placing students at three national battlefield parks, two digital research centers, Charlottesville's Daughters of Zion Cemetery, and the Albemarle Charlottesville Historical Society.[39]

Notes

  1. 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 Jordan Jr., Ervin L. "Charlottesville During the Civil War." Encyclopedia Virginia. Ed. Brendan Wolfe. December 14, 2020. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. July 7, 2021 <http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Charlottesville_During_the_Civil_War>.
  2. Web. The Army of Northern Virginia, PBS, Website, PBS: American Experience, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  3. Jordan Jr., Ervin L. "Charlottesville During the Civil War." Encyclopedia Virginia. Ed. Brendan Wolfe. December 14, 2020. Virginia Foundation for the Humanities. July 7, 2021 <http://www.EncyclopediaVirginia.org/Charlottesville_During_the_Civil_War>.
  4. Web. Charlottesville General Hospital, Website, Little Bits of History Along U.S. Roadways, March 16, 2012, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Charlottesville: Civil War Traveler: Central Virginia." Civil War Travel. Web. 23 Aug. 2010. <http://www.civilwartraveler.com/EAST/VA/va-central/cville.html>.
  6. Web. Black Virginians in Blue (Part 2): The Civil War, Casey Bowler, Web Article, The Nau Center for Civil War History, January 10, 2020, retrieved July 28, 2021.
  7. 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Web. Remembering 150th anniversary of the surrender of Charlottesville, UVa to troops under Custer and Sheridan, David A. Maurer, Daily Progress, Berkshire Hathaway, March 1, 2015, retrieved May 18, 2021.
  8. 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Web. Who Shall Tell the Story: Voices of Civil War Virginia, Gayle Cooper, Edward Gaynor, et al., Digital Exhibit, UVA Library, 2014, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  9. Web. [1]
  10. Web. Charlottesville General Hospital, Department of Historic Resources. (Marker Number Q-23.), 2000, retrieved June 5, 2023.
  11. Lay, Edward K. The Architecture of Jefferson Country: Charlottesville and Albemarle County. Google Books. Web. 23 Aug. 2010. <http://books.google.com/books?id=XSSUestFtpkC&pg=PA17&dq=albemarle+county+civil+war&hl=en&ei=AcFyTOfZHYW8lQe35cDHDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=albemarle%20county%20civil%20war&f=false>.
  12. Web. Battle of Waynesboro, Website, Shenendoah Valley Battlefields, retrieved July 7, 2021.
  13. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/49980/49980-h/49980-h.htm
  14. Web. Civil War on the Western Border: Remaining Confederate Cabinent Dissolves, Website, Kansas City Public Library, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  15. 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Web. I'll Fly Away, Ineke La Fleur, Website, March 2019, retrieved July 7, 2021.
  16. Web. Albemarle County in Virginia, C.J. Carrier Company, 1901
  17. Web. Unveiling of Robert E. Lee Statue in Charlottesville, Web Archive, Cville Images, May 21, 1924, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  18. Web. A Confederate statue is coming down today in the Virginia city of deadly 'Unite the Right' violence, Jay Croft, News Article, CNN, September 12, 2020, retrieved July 14, 2021.
  19. Robert Kuhlthau, Preliminary Notes on the Robert E. Lee Statue, 20 September 1995, (on deposit Albemarle Historical Society, Monuments file).
  20. Rourke. Kristen. "Marking History in Charlottesville." np. City Council Chambers, Charlottesville, VA. 30 May 2012. presentation.
  21. Rourke. Kristen. "Marking History in Charlottesville." np. City Council Chambers, Charlottesville, VA. 30 May 2012. presentation.
  22. 22.0 22.1 National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service Form 10-900-a, 1996, Section 8 page 3, on deposit Albemarle County Historical Society “Monuments“ file
  23. Mrs. J Rawlings Thompson, History of the Jackson Statue, Charlottesville Daily Progress, November 16, 1966, on deposit Albemalrle County Historical Society “Monuments“ file.
  24. Web. Charlottesville city council votes to remove Confederate statues that were the focus of violent 2017 ‘Unite the Right’ rally, Gregory S. Schneider, News Article, the Washington Post, June 7, 2021, retrieved June 8, 2021.
  25. 25.0 25.1 Web. Here are the (mostly Confederate) mementos in Johnny Reb's time capsule
  26. Print: May Fifth Date Selected, {{{author}}}, Daily Progress, Lindsay family , Page {{{pageno}}}.
  27. Web. Confederate Statue Near Site of White Nationalist Rally in Charlottesville Is Removed, The New York Times
  28. Web. Albemarle County to remove "At Ready" confederate statue following public hearing
  29. Web. U.Va. restricts access to Confederate Cemetery, monument amidst nationwide removal of statues and monuments, Geremia Di Maro, News Article, The Cavalier Daily, July 5, 2020, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  30. Web. Set In Stone, David Maurer, Magazine Article, Virginia Magazine, Spring 2008, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  31. https://small.library.virginia.edu/collections/featured/duke-family-papers/passions/lost-cause/ The Lost Cause: R. T. W. Duke, Jr. and the Romance of Confederate Defeat
  32. Web. Civil War 150 Legacy Project Visits Charlottesville, Kurt Burkhart and Steven Meeks, News Article, Visit Charlottesville, February 17, 2011, retrieved July 28, 2021.
  33. Web. Black Virginians in Blue, Website, The Nau Center for Civil War History, 2020, retrieved July 8, 2021.
  34. Web. Black Virginians in Blue: A Digital Project Studying Black Union Soldiers and Sailors from Albemarle County, Virginia, William B. Kurtz, Website, The Journal of the Civil War Era, April 6, 2021, retrieved July 27, 2021.
  35. Web. Digital Projects=, Nau Center Administrators, Website, The Nau Center for Civil War History, 2021, retrieved July 28, 2021.
  36. Web. Blog Articles, Website, John L. Nau III Center for Civil War History, May 4, 2021, retrieved July 28, 2021.
  37. Web. Replay of "Confederate Ambitions" on CSPAN, Website, The Nau Center for Civil War History, June 24, 2021, retrieved July 28, 2021.
  38. Web. Nau Center Sponsored Panel at the 2016 Virginia Festival of the Book, The Nau Center for Civil War History, March 17, 2016, retrieved July 28, 2021.
  39. Web. List of Internships: Summer 2021, Lisa Goff, Website, the University of Virginia’s Institute for Public History, June 2021, retrieved July 28, 2021.